Can you explain the differences between unit testing, integration testing, and end-to-end testing?

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Differences Between Unit Testing, Integration Testing, and End-to-End Testing

Software testing is a multi-layered process that ensures applications function as expected. The three primary types of testing—Unit Testing, Integration Testing, and End-to-End Testing—each play a crucial role in quality assurance.

Unit Testing:

Focuses on individual components or functions.

Ensures that a single unit of code works as expected.

Typically written by developers using frameworks like JUnit, TestNG, or PyTest.

Fast and easy to execute.

Example: Testing a single function that calculates discounts in an e-commerce application.

Integration Testing:

Validates the interaction between multiple components.

Ensures that different modules communicate correctly.

Conducted using tools like Postman, Selenium, or JUnit.

Example: Testing the interaction between the payment module and order processing system.

End-to-End (E2E) Testing:

Tests the entire application from start to finish.

Simulates real-world user scenarios.

Helps ensure system reliability, performance, and data integrity.

Common tools include Selenium, Cypress, and Appium.

Example: Testing the full e-commerce workflow from login to checkout.

Conclusion:

Each type of testing plays a critical role in ensuring software quality. Unit Testing verifies the correctness of individual components, Integration Testing ensures module compatibility, and End-to-End Testing validates the complete user journey. A balanced approach using all three ensures a robust and error-free application.

Read More:

What is full-stack software testing, and why is it important in modern software development?

Which tools are used for full-stack testing?

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